The resulting phase boundaries is responsible for structural weakness in the final product(s), which has limited the application of this polymer blends. Science 328: 1506. xWMsHSeHUTa _k+Q#DRa+YVXi9$4zMf:Xf]er{dYaw. 0000038977 00000 n %PDF-1.5 (2001) Patty's Toxicology. Plastics are made up of synthetic organic polymers which are widely used in different applications ranging from water bottles, clothing, food packaging, medical supplies, electronic goods, construction materials, etc [1]. nstp pollution Reprod Toxicol 42: 132-155. Want to read all 12 pages. Entanglement has been observed to cause health risks in estimated 243 species of marine lives, often ending in fatalities. Geo. Coral reefs have been damaged by dragging nets and other plastic products along sea beds [63]. (2007) Chapel Hill bisphenol A expert panel consensus statement: Integration of mechanisms, effects in animals and potential to impact human health at current levels of exposure. Alomar C, Estarellas F, Deudero S (2016) Microplastics in the Mediterranean Sea: Deposition in coastal shallow sediments, spatial variation and preferential grain size. 0000003474 00000 n /Linearized 1 EU (2001) Diphenyl ether, pentabromo derivative (pentabromodiphenyl ether). electrochemical ordered mesoporous waste applications conversion carbon plastic into cambridge abstract Sepulveda A, Schluep M, Renaud FG, Streicher M, Kuehr R, et al. bioplastics << docx Gilpin R, Wagel D, Solch J (2003) Production, distribution, and fate of polycholorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and related organohalogens in the environment. The major issues in plastic waste centered around the microplastics due to an increase difficulty in their monitoring and a greater effect at the physical and chemical levels on environmental and public health, because of their higher volume-to-surface area ratio [25]. According to Hopewell, et al. 0000026066 00000 n << /Contents 361 0 R /Group << /CS /DeviceRGB /S /Transparency /Type /Group >> /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Parent 60 0 R /Resources << /ExtGState << /GS7 364 0 R /GS8 365 0 R >> /Font << /F1 362 0 R /F2 366 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI ] >> /StructParents 0 /Tabs /S /Type /Page >> The role of plastics in air pollution in the developing and poor countries of the world cannot be overemphasized, and the impact on the future generations may be massive [68]. endobj Annual Rev Environ Res 42: 1-26. There is need for people to be aware of the chemical constituents of plastic products and their health effects. /Pages 85 0 R For global reduction of plastic litters and ocean pollution, there is need for improvement in proper plastic waste collection, treatment and disposal [8]. 7rs adverse impact endobj %PDF-1.5 0000003057 00000 n 1 0 obj It is also called stomach plastics. J Emerg Technol Advance Engineer 3: 82-89. (2015) Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, USA. Chlorinated plastics are capable of leaching out toxic chemicals into the soil and subsequently seep into the underground water or surrounding aquatic system thereby polluting the ecosystem. 'B3U9~N.V_# WH?~S ]FR@i; *S*JP}j&fww`P,V$xa>Gi~Ltr9QXp!k]"uWd`9%`62 dH} EF ebT2FH".n J!ddPHT(3pm@tP?9,?2-bF>h}"q. Educational curriculums at different levels must include ways of plastic pollution reduction and waste management systems as information resources. Edu. endobj Mouat J, Lozano RL, Bateson H (2010) Economic Impacts of marine litter. Both mega- and macro-plastics, are found in packaging, footwear, and other domestic items that have been washed off of ships or. Marine Policy 68: 117-122. (2. Ocean & Coastal Management 115: 4-9. Andrady AL, Neal MA (2009) Applications and societal benefits of plastics. Phthalates with low molecular weight especially dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and diethyl phthalate (DEP)are used as solvents in the manufacture of products such as lacquers, coatings, varnishes and personal-care products (e.g. J Toxicol Risk Assess 5:021. doi.org/10.23937/2572-4061.1510021, 1Department of Biology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria, 2Department of Social Studies, Federal College of Education, Oyo State, Nigeria. Ryan PG, Connell AD, Gardner BD (1988) Plastic ingestion and PCBs in seabirds: Is there a relationship?. Wiley, New York, 635. (2001) Flame retardants in indoor air at an electronics recycling plant, and at other work environments. /E 205002 88 0 obj Gen Comp Endocrinol 219: 74-88. Environ Sci Technol 45: 400-405. Determine a value of x for each of the following. Sugar-based bioplastics can biodegrade under normal conditions for composting [18]. dishui redistribution trophies fail Research on the monitoring and impacts of plastic wastes is still at the infancy stage, but thus far, the reports are worrisome. Eagan JM, Xu J, Di Girolamo R, Thurber CM, Macosko CW, et al. persuasive speech outline docx 0000039592 00000 n PNAS 38: 11899-11904. Comanita ED, Hlihor RM, Ghinea C, Gavrilescu M (2016) Occurrence of plastic waste in the environment: Ecological and Health risks. Table 3 shows the effects of different types of plastics on animals and the mechanism(s) of action. During this plastic degradation process, toxic chemicals like polystyrene and BPA can be released into the water [59] causing water pollution. rhetoric J Food Prot 66: 1444-1447. Barnes DKA, Galgani F, Thompson RC, Barlaz M (2009) Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Frederiksen M, Vorkamp K, Thomsen M, Knudsen LE (2009) Human internal and external exposure to PBDEs-a review of levels and sources. Mathieu-Denoncourt J, Wallace SJ, De Solla SR, Langlois VS (2015) Plasticizer endocrine disruption: Highlighting developmental and reproductive effects in mammals and non-mammalian aquatic species. trailer <<8F6850C6335F4C82B603D0049EC4D172>]/Prev 555144>> startxref 0 %%EOF 173 0 obj <>stream (2011) Bioaccumulation of several brominated flame retardants and dechlorane plus in water birds from an e-waste recycling region in South China: Associated with trophic level and diet sources. % (2011) Accumulation of microplastic on shorelines worldwide: Sources and sinks. This is the case in the breakdown of plastic ropes to finer filaments such as microfibers. 0000002195 00000 n Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe (APME) (2002) Plastics consumption data by sector. 0000018477 00000 n 3 0 obj Derraik JG (2002) The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: A review. Kang JH, Kito K, Kondo F (2003) Factors influencing the migration of bisphenol A from cans. Reprocessing of recovered plastic scraps or wastes into usable products is called plastic recycling. Mar Pollut Bull 22: 41-42. Am J Epidemiol 166: 79-87. ATSDR (2004) A toxicological Profile for Copper. addressing disaster biotechnology microbial waste plastic caption <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Hengstler JG, Foth H, Gebel T, Kramer PJ, Lilienblum W, et al. 87 21 Gironi F, Vincenzo P (2011) Bioplastics and petroleum-based plastics: Strengths and weaknesses. Morris S, Allchin CR, Zegers BN, Haftka JJH, Boon JP, et al. Kaiser J (2010) The dirt on ocean garbage patches. For example, in US, the post-consumer plastic wastes generated in 2008 was approximately 33.6 million tons, out of which 6.5% (2.2 million tons) were recycled, while 8% (2.6 million tons) and 86% (28.9 million tons) were burned and landfilled, respectively [46]. 0000044084 00000 n << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 1065 >> Due to the presence of phthalates in many consumer goods, there is widespread human exposure to phthalate. 0000047770 00000 n Reducing community's exposure to toxicants from plastic wastes will increase the chances of having a clean environment and healthy society. Air pollution is one of the major environmental threats to public health, and it is responsible for more than 6 million deaths associated with environmental pollution [68]. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 364: 2027-2045. <> Raloff J 1(999) Food for thought: What's coming out of baby's bottle? Zitko V, Hanlon M (1991) Another source of pollution by plastics skin cleaners with plastic scrubbers. Furthermore, entanglement in plastic products like nets can cause harm, damage and even death in marine animals. 0000018186 00000 n Because BPA's health risk has been reported in several studies, the usage of polycarbonated plastics have greatly decreased [1]. As a result of repeated usage of beverage and food containers over a long period of time, BPA molecules can leach from the plastics into the drinks and food. Scientific American. endobj On a pro-kilogram basis, children have a higher exposure rate to PBDEs than adults [103]. Karleskint G, Small J, Turner R (2009) Introduction to marine biology. Contaminants from microplastics are bioavailable for many marine lives because of their presence in benthic and pelagic ecosystems and their small sizes [64]. Phthalates, also called 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acids, consist of a diverse groups of diesters of phthalic acid which are produced in large volumes from the 1930s. Environ Impact Assess Rev 30: 28-41. recycling speech persuasive outline psf student sample recycle should why Course Hero member to access this document, Jessica.Singh-Plastic Pollution Final-July27.2020-marked.docx, Plastic pollution in aquatic systems may triple by 2040_ UNEP.pdf, marine_plastic_pollution_issues_brief_nov21.pdf, San Francisco State University MSCI 313, RMIT International University Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City, EFFECT OF PLASTIC POLLUTION ON ENVIRONMENT.docx, New Microsoft Office Word Document (13).docx, Effects of Plastic Waste on Ocean Life.doc, RMIT International University Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City BUSINESS 101, Multimedia University of Kenya SCIENCES 3234, University of Iceland CHEMISTRY PHYSICAL C. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. 0000034818 00000 n There is a growing environmental and public health concern about the potential effects of landfills because of the types and quantities of toxic chemicals and their potential for leaching at landfill sites [32]. a. sin 8/23 = sinx, x 8/23 b. cos 11/31 =sinx c. tan /8 =cotx, Question 2 Read the case study below and answer the following questions: How One of the World's Biggest Ships Jammed the Suez Canal When the Ever Given one of the largest container ships ever, Determine a value of x for sin8pi/23=sinx, Question (a) You are a government economist analyzing the market for iPhones. Now, bioplastics can be produced from different biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials including weeds, hemp, plant oil, potato starch, cellulose, corn starch, etc. 0000019449 00000 n The process of BPA leaching from plastics is accelerated by storing acidic or basic items that can breakdown plastic polymers, exposure of the plastic container to high temperature, and by repeated washing of the plastic container [77,78]. In the process of incineration of plastics, soot, ashes and different powders are produced, which eventually settles on plants and soil, with the potential to migrate to the aquatic environment. View Table 3. endobj Compounds of low molecular weight can vaporize directly into the air thereby polluting the air and based on their varieties, some may form a combustible mixture, while others may oxidize in solid form. %%EOF Oberg K, Warman K, Oberg T (2002) Distribution and levels of brominated flame retardants in sewage sludge. Distribution of plastic waste is associated with human populations. As a consequence of all the above trends, the market value of recycled polymer and hence the viability of recycling have increased markedly over the last few years, Globally in 2015, about 9% of the 6.3 billion tons plastic wastes generated had been recycled, while 12% and 79% were incinerated and landfilled, respectively [14]. Tk{/ !|.Q uA,Bj!@",s1BG.MLV%H`0` Mb D 0000024822 00000 n << /Linearized 1 /L 200413 /H [ 874 374 ] /O 360 /E 39628 /N 24 /T 197657 >> /Size 108 xc```b``b`}P f! ! &tY}&{({[! Science 284: 1991-1998. 0000025006 00000 n All Rights Reserved. )DR>L0 In modern life, plastics are ubiquitous. There are different types of plastics based on their constituents and type of materials used in their production. 0000002918 00000 n Many countries are laboring on controlling environmental pollution by plastic wastes by reducing plastics and plastic product's production, prohibition of excessive packaging, litter capture and recycling. Despite the fact that plastics are very useful in everyday life, the toxic chemicals used in the production need to be thoroughly monitored so as to ensure environmental and health safety. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), a type of heat-resistant polymer, is used for packaging fruit juice, cooking oil, etc. Table 2: Compounds generated during the incineration of polyvinylchloride and their harmful effects. Inadequate waste management and indiscriminate dumping are the major routes of entry of microplastics into the marine environment [26]. 0000003196 00000 n Landfill Directive European Commission 1999/31/EC) which has been difficult to materialize as an estimated 60% of England's municipal wastes is still sent to the landfills compared to an estimated of 20% and 37% in Germany and France, respectively [33]. Wastes found in the oceans are made up of approximately 80% plastics. In the production of plastics, brominated flame retardants are raw materials used for safety purposes. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 594.96 842.04] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Hardesty BD, Good TP, Wilcox C (2015) Novel methods, new results and science based solutions to tackle marine debris impacts on wildlife. forum 37: 1046-1058. Water Air Soil Pollut 224: 1352. There are three major forms of plastic that contribute to plastic pollution: mega- and macro-plastics. Miller R (2005) The landscape for biopolymers in packaging. 0000034025 00000 n Raintree Publisher, London. This type of reclassification might also stimulate research into new and harmless alternatives, which will improve our plastic waste management, and hinder continuous buildup of plastic wastes in the environment. Rochman CM, Browne MA, Halpern BS, Hentschel BT, Hoh E, et al. (2008) Association of urinary bisphenol A concentration with medical disorders and laboratory abnormalities in adults. 0000032543 00000 n Reports have shown that microplastics [56] as well as synthetic polymer fibres are still detectable five years after they have been applied to sewage sludge and soils [57]. Environ Health Perspect 112: 9-17. Mar Environ Res 111: 5-17. <>>> 0000039823 00000 n >> 0000011487 00000 n /Filter /FlateDecode Reddy RL, Reddy SV, Gupta GA (2013) Study of Bio-plastics as Green and Sustainable Alternative to Plastics. marine turtles status davao turtle debris chelonia ingestion mydas mindanao gulf philippines plastic In principle, bioplastics can replace petroleum-derived plastics in many applications, however, the problem lies with the cost and performance of bioplastics. For instance, plastic waste fumes release halogenated additives and polyvinyl chloride, while furans, dioxins, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are released from incineration of plastics into the environment [36]. << /Type /XRef /Length 61 /Filter /FlateDecode /DecodeParms << /Columns 5 /Predictor 12 >> /W [ 1 2 2 ] /Index [ 355 16 ] /Info 83 0 R /Root 357 0 R /Size 371 /Prev 197658 /ID [<42b7fa73f42d68478ea3b3a132a333c5><72822d22514ff9a43cb1e6bd326705fc>] >> Generally, PET is manufactured for single use only [1]. 87 0 obj We believed that the problem of plastic waste generation and the accompanied environmental and public health effects can be handled if globally, manufacturers can embrace the use of bioplastics. Cornell. xref Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 195: 23-34. seahorses They often end up in ocean waters through rivers and, streams. Lee K, Tanabe S, Koh C (2001) Contamination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediments from Kyeonggi Bay and nearby areas, Korea. 0000001891 00000 n Yearly, approximately 500 billion plastic bags are used out of which an estimated 13 million tonnes ends up in the ocean, killing approximately 100,000 marine lives [18]. Oehlmann J, Schlte-Oehlmann U, Kloas W, Jagnytsch O, Lutz I, et al. It contains BPA. If there are no specific regulations globally to limit the use of conventional plastics, there may be no favourable usage of bioplastics. Pettipas S, Bernier M, Walker TR (2016) A Canadian policy framework to mitigate plastic marine pollution. Proper wastewater management will prevent microplastics from entering the environment from the landfills. (2014) Plastic pollution in the World's Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 220: 144. Many birds, turtles, fishes, seals and other marine animals have died by drowning or suffocation as a result of entanglement in plastic debris. 0000039669 00000 n Environmental pollution and risks to public health can be reduced if the landfills are well-managed, although there are possibilities of soil and groundwater contamination by disintegrated plastic byproducts and additives that can persist in the environment on long-term basis [34,35]. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 364: 2097-2113. (2002) Serum dioxin concentrations and breast cancer risk in the Seveso Women's Health Study. Mega- and microplastics have accumulated in highest densities in the, Northern Hemisphere, concentrated around urban centers and water fronts. 358 0 obj (2017) Combining polyethylene and polypropylene: Enhanced performance with PE/iPP multiblock polymers. View Table 2. It has been suggested by researchers that by 2050, oceans might contain more plastics than fish in terms of weight [19]. << Marine pollution by plastic wastes majorly affects sea turtles and other species whose main food are jelly fishes because they often confuse discarded plastic bags for jelly fish. % endobj breast and prostate cancers) have been reported [85-87]. Approximately 165 million tonnes of plastic wastes were estimated to be present in the oceans of the world in 2012 [59], while an average of 8 million tonnes of plastics are annually released into the ocean [8], with about 5 trillion plastic pieces floating on the ocean [60]. 355 0 obj Reports have shown that more than 260 different species of vertebrate and invertebrate animals ingest plastics or are entangled by plastic or plastic products, with more than 400,000 deaths of marine mammals [69].