; Preston, S.D. Pan, Y.; Zhang, D.; Yang, P.; Poon, L.L.M. Moreover, the dielectric properties of cells can be separated by Dep. Although there are still some problems to be solved, DEP technology can undoubtedly play an important role in microfluidic POC equipment, so that the microfluidic POC equipment has a wider range of applications. ; Dietzel, A.; Madou, M.; Al-Halhouli, A. Particle/cell separation on microfluidic platforms based on centrifugation effect: A review. New opportunities for electricity-free POC diagnostics. droplet microfluidic routing biochip digital paths minimum alternate weight based number algorithm schematic fig diagram biochemical Soft lithography for microfluidics: A Review. ; Sinha, S.; Standeven, J.; Bhamla, M.S. Thermoplastic polymers (used for FDM) or photocurable resins (used for SLA). Reynolds, R.; Dennis, S.; Hasan, I.; Slewa, J.; Chen, W.; Tian, D.; Bobba, S.; Zwar, N. A systematic review of chronic disease management interventions in primary care. Microfluidic immunoassay box with a handheld optical reader. Arnett, D.K. The first paper-based microfluidic device was designed by Whitesides et al., in 2007 [, Because paper is cheap, it is particularly popular for applications requiring a low cost, easy operation, and rapid analysis, such as for disease diagnosis in low and medium resource areas [, Paper-based microfluidic chips can be applied to analyze various analytes in the human body, including urine, saliva, blood, tears, and other bodily or exocrine fluids. Among them, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLS) is the main case type of lung cancer, accounting for more than 80% of all cases [, The most common types of cancer in women are breast cancer and cervical cancer. The early detection of infection is critical for the management of infectious diseases. Single-molecule enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detects serum proteins at subfemtomolar concentrations. World health organization cardiovascular disease risk charts: Revised models to estimate risk in 21 global regions. ; Thevarajah, T.M. ; de Souza, J.A.C. diagnostics tap focus powered self point science care use purdue According to the WHO, the leading cause of death worldwide is CVDs, causing 17.9 million deaths annually. ; et al. Chen, Y.S. Future applications of microfluidic technology in chronic disease detection could focus on portable detection equipment, microfluidic organ chips, and more advanced microfluidic POC detection equipment. Kaarj et al., developed a wax paper microfluidic chip using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP). ; Wu, T.C. Detection and localization of surgically resectable cancers with a multi-analyte blood test. ; Zhang, Y.S. ; Poh, S.Y.J. ; Crespo, K.A.N. Volpatti, L.R. ; Khera, A.; Lloyd-Jones, D.; McEvoy, J.W. Patterned paper as a platform for inexpensive, low-volume, portable bioassays. ; Chen, C.; Lee, G. Bin Isolation and recovery of extracellular vesicles using optically-induced dielectrophoresis on an integrated microfluidic platform. ; Lewis, T.; Guijt, R.M. ; Matushek, S.M. ; Varela, J.C.; Neogi, U.; Ciftci, S.; Ashokkumar, M.; Pinto, I.F. ; Butte, M.J.; Whitesides, G.M. Although digital ELISA can detect multiple protein markers simultaneously and can achieve a higher sensitivity compared with conventional ELISA, these detection methods often require nonportable instruments and are unsuitable for rapid detection, especially in underdeveloped regions. In fact, the microfluidic system has changed many applications of POCT in medical diagnosis. Abdul Rehman, S.; Khurshid, Z.; Hussain Niazi, F.; Naseem, M.; Al Waddani, H.; Sahibzada, H.A. Simpler, faster, and sensitive zika virus assay using smartphone detection of loop-mediated isothermal amplification on paper microfluidic chips. Mass spectrometry (MS) based proteomics has become an indispensable technology to interpret the coding information in the genome. At the same time, many mature application technologies in the laboratory, such as ELISA and lamp, have been successfully applied to microfluidic devices, which greatly increases the disease detection ability of microfluidic POC devices. microfluidic; POC (point-of-care); medical testing; COVID-19; wearable devices; telemedicine, Applications of Biomedical Engineering in Dentistry, Int. Brawer, M.K. ; Benson, B.; Chai, C.; Katsikis, G.; Johri, A.; Prakash, M. Hand-powered ultralow-cost paper centrifuge. Sharma, A.; Badea, M.; Tiwari, S.; Marty, J.L. ; Santamara, M.; Torrejn, M.J.; Gimnez, N. Prostate cancer screening: Guidelines review and laboratory issues. Responding to COVID-19A once-in-a-century pandemic? Zhao, J.; Chang, L.; Wang, L. Nucleic acid testing and molecular characterization of HIV infections. Overton, C.E. ; Yetisen, A.K. Redman, E.A. Telemedicine and the COVID-19 pandemic, lessons for the future. ; Buroker, A.B. Towards practical sample preparation in point-of-care testing: User-friendly microfluidic devices. Wax paper microfluidic chip and smartphone. The color change of ZIKV RNA in the microfluidic detection area can be seen within 15 min, and virus detection can be completed with a smartphone camera. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work Meja-Salazar, J.R.; Cruz, K.R. Anemia epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology in low- and middle-income countries. ; Li, J.; Yang, C.H. Paper-based microfluidic device using RT-LAMP. ; Kavousi, M.; Stevens, G.; Riley, L.M. Author correction: Glomerular filtration rate by differing measures, albuminuria and prediction of cardiovascular disease, mortality and end-stage kidney disease. Mabey, D.; Peeling, R.W. ; Li, X.; Lee, W.; Hu, J.; Wang, L.; et al. Compared with their conventional counterparts, microfluidic devices can more accurately and more conveniently quantify antibodies and biomarkers. Simulation of dielectrophoresis based separation of red blood cells (RBC) from bacteria cells. Seshadri, D.R. Nunna, B.B. Chang, K.W. ; Joung, H.A. ; Nilsson, M.; Madaboosi, N.; Russom, A. Sub-attomole detection of HIV-1 using padlock probes and rolling circle amplification combined with microfluidic affinity chromatography. Moznuzzaman, M.; Khan, I.; Islam, M. Nano-layered surface plasmon resonance-based highly sensitive biosensor for virus detection: A theoretical approach to detect SARS-CoV-2. Li, G.; Tang, W.; Yang, F. Cancer liquid biopsy using integrated microfluidic exosome analysis platforms. ; Chan, C.S. Uddin, M.J.; Bhuiyan, N.H.; Shim, J.S. Telecommun. Yadav, A.K. The conventional detection method for protein biomarkers is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ; Gales, B.; Tseng, D.; Salusky, I.B. Ameh, S.; Klipstein-Grobusch, K.; DAmbruoso, L.; Kahn, K.; Tollman, S.M. System integrating a 3D-printed microfluidic chip with a smartphone. Bashshur, R.; Doarn, C.R. These wearable devices can also continuously transmit biological data to the internet in real time, so as to convert this information into clinical knowledge for monitoring the physical condition of patients [, Traditional immune monitoring requires trained personnel and specialized equipment. You are accessing a machine-readable page. ; Ozcan, A. The statements, opinions and data contained in the journals are solely Rama, E.C. Finally, the review concludes by analyzing the present state of the microfluidic field, and suggestions are made. By providing a platform for miniaturizing, integrating, and automating fluid flow, microfluidic tools are likely to become the standard disposable elements that will accompany many near-patient diagnostic tests. and Y.C. Therefore, blood contains significant information about systemic function. ; Adams, A.N. There are many on-site detection and diagnosis POC devices in the market, including but not limited to glucose detection and infectious disease monitoring; however, among the POC detection devices, microfluidic POC devices with POC integrated microfluidic technology occupy the vast majority of the share, because microfluidic POC devices can allow fluid operation and detection to be carried out in the same device, which is more integrated than non-microfluidic POC devices. ; Berry, T.; et al. Mi, S.; Du, Z.; Xu, Y.; Sun, W. The crossing and integration between microfluidic technology and 3D printing for organ-on-chips. Gupta, S.; Sandhu, S.V. Munge, B.S. Wearable biosensors: An alternative and practical approach in healthcare and disease monitoring. For example, it can centrifuge whole blood but it cannot effectively collect relevant samples. and Y.C. Remote health monitoring can be performed with wearable sensors and smartphones. Yetisen, A.K. The advantages of POCT lies in its portability and rapid detection ability. A microfluidic chip-based exosomal mRNA sensor. The system has potential for future clinical POC chronic disease diagnosis and risk stratification through parallel measurements of a panel of protein biomarkers. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. ; Dunbar, S.A. In Proceedings of the 2020 21st International Conference on Thermal, Mechanical and Multi-Physics Simulation and Experiments in Microelectronics and Microsystems (EuroSimE), Cracow, Poland, 58 July 2020. The motion and precipitation of suspensoids in divergent electric fields. DEP technology has great potential in the applications of microfluidic POC devices. BE2018627), the Taihu Lake talent plan (Top-Level, no. Song, J.; Mauk, M.G. ; Bhaskar, L.V.K.S. We also describe some of the important developments such as smartphone integrated tests and the challenges in taking microfluidic technologies to market. Quality of integrated chronic disease care in rural South Africa: User and provider perspectives. The development of 3D printing technology has resulted in new methods of rapid POC detection [. ; Sannam Khan, R. Role of salivary biomarkers in detection of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Only saliva samples were needed to detect the Zika virus [. ; et al. Choobbari, M.L. MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Syst. The early diagnosis of infectious diseases is critical because it can greatly increase recovery rates and prevent the spread of diseases such as COVID-19; however, in many areas with insufficient medical facilities, the timely detection of diseases is challenging. Glycated Hb (HBA1C) is an essential diagnostic tool for detecting and managing patient conditions [, HBA1C is an essential parameter for indicating blood glucose levels and the monitoring of blood glucose levels is helpful for patients with diabetes, and can protect their internal organs [, Diabetic patients usually exhibit one or more complications, with hyperlipidemia being the most serious. Zhang, M.; Wu, J.; Wang, L.; Xiao, K.; Wen, W. A simple method for fabricating multi-layer PDMS structures for 3D microfluidic chips. The number of microfluidic-based devices submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and other regulatory agencies is also steadily growing and although microfluidic devices have still not been completely accepted by the market, a strong demand already exists. Han, K.H. This review details microfluidic POC equipment and its applications. The market for and profit margin of handheld centrifuges is also low, limiting the development; however, these devices could be used in areas with limited resources and become more popular with time [. Microfluidic system integrated with a diagnostic microchip and portable fluorescence detector. Salehipour Masooleh, H.; Ghavami Lahiji, M.; Ciancio, A.; Tayebi, L. Microfluidic Technologies Using Oral Factors: Saliva-Based Studies. The genesis and evolution of bead-based multiplexing. Zoupanou, S.; Chiriac, M.S. ; Jiang, N.; Tamayol, A.; Ruiz-Esparza, G.U. The simultaneous determination of multiple biomarkers of AMI is key to the accurate detection of AMI. ; Wu, M.; Padhy, P.; Jensen, M.A. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly AMI is a life-threatening disease and one of the most common causes of death. Lamb, L.E. Over 75% of these deaths occur in underdeveloped areas [, The cardiovascular system consists of three parts: the heart, the blood, and the blood vessels [, In the past decade, biomarkers have been used in various clinical applications, including detecting CVDs and numerous CVD biomarkers have been discovered. ; Stage, H.B. ; Lange, P.H. Smartphones can replace conventional computers for data processing, computing, and data collection in underdeveloped areas [, The Zika virus is transmitted by infected mosquitoes and can cause fever, headache, rash, and joint muscle pain, especially for newborns, making timely detection necessary. Freitas, D.N. ; Beatie, J.; Wener, M.H. Karakaya, M. Analytical molecular diagnosis of cervical cancer via paper microfluidic chip. Yang, K.; Peretz-Soroka, H.; Liu, Y.; Lin, F. Novel developments in mobile sensing based on the integration of microfluidic devices and smartphones. ; Marijon, E.; Anstey, N.M.; Woo, K.S. Multiplex immunosensor arrays for electrochemical detection of cancer biomarker proteins. Platforms integrating smartphones with microfluidic equipment are often effective for microfluidic POC applications and handheld microfluidic centrifugal devices and microfluidic POC devices using DEP technology are another avenue for microfluidic POC detection. Nunna et al., designed a POC system combining a biochip and a microfluidic that could monitor the progress of cancer in real-time by measuring the CA-125 concentration in blood from a finger puncture [, Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, with a high incidence rate and mortality rate. Bircsak, K.M. Sun, C.; Liu, L.; Prez, L.; Li, X.; Liu, Y.; Xu, P.; Boritz, E.A. Since the 20th century, wearable devices have been used in healthcare and regular disease monitoring [, The development of microfluidic chips as organ models is also a direction for research and treatment of chronic diseases in the future. ; Sinton, D. Turning the page: Advancing paper-based microfluidics for broad diagnostic application. ; Shim, J.S. ; Yu, J.; Xie, J.; Xiang, J.J.; Wang, H. Two desired epitopes of cTnI benefit for preparation of standardized monoclonal antibodies. For example, in developing countries in Africa or Southeast Asia, basic medical facilities are insufficient. Chen et al., introduced a microfluidic platform combining magnetic-based single bead trapping and acoustic micromixing that could detect many tumor biomarkers within minutes. ; Mykhalovskiy, E.; Worthington, C.; Gmez-Ramrez, O.; Gilbert, M.; Grace, D. Pay to skip the line: The political economy of digital testing services for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. ; methodology, S.L. and Y.C. ; Mohanty, S. Smart and wearable ECG monitoring system as a Point of Care (POC) device. interesting to authors, or important in this field. Data will be made available based on request. Terry, S.C.; Herman, J.H. The system is called the Fully Integrated hand-powered Centrifuge and Analysis paper-based microfluidic devices (FICA-PADs). ; Tan, M.J.A. ; Poon, L.L.M. ; Yang, S. Advances in microfluidic PCR for point-of-care infectious disease diagnostics. ; Hsu, J.J.; Knighton, S.C.; Walker, T.A. The entire process, from sample loading to result from analysis, takes only 3 h, realizing rapid diagnosis of early cancer [, CA-125 is an important biomarker of cancers and concentrations of CA-125 can be used to monitor the progress of cancer. Chang, L.; Rissin, D.M. ; et al. and Y.C. The upcoming 3D-printing revolution in microfluidics Nirveek. Due to the rapid manufacturing capacity of 3D printing technology, large-scale 3D-printed microfluidic equipment production has become possible. Soares, R.R.G. The sensor is promising for next-generation point-of-care devices assaying multiple CVDs biomarkers in clinical samples. AIDS is the stage of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in which the level of CD4 + T lymphocytes is lower than the critical level. An immunoassay cassette with a handheld reader for HIV urine testing in point-of-care diagnostics. ; Green, L.S. published in the various research areas of the journal. ; Davies, E.V. It is organized by diagnostic test category highlighting some key developments in the area. Mahoney, E.; Kun, J.; Smieja, M.; Fang, Q. ReviewPoint-of-care urinalysis with emerging sensing and imaging technologies. Du, Y.; Tu, L.; Zhu, P.; Mu, M.; Wang, R.; Yang, P.; Wang, X.; Hu, C.; Ping, R.; Hu, P.; et al. Gao, B.; Li, X.; Yang, Y.; Chu, J.; He, B. ; Burkhoff, D.; Slepian, M.J. Physiological characterization of the SynCardia total artificial heart in a mock circulation system. Therefore, microfluidic POC equipment is often small in volume and weight, with low manufacturing difficulty and cost, while it can obtain detection results in a short time. Xu, X.; Akay, A.; Wei, H.; Wang, S.; Pingguan-Murphy, B.; Erlandsson, B.E. ; Vessella, R.L. lvaro, S.; Marn, G.; Vincent, S.; Marn, .G. Azzouz, A.; Hejji, L.; Kim, K.H. Cai, Z.; Liu, Q. The assay had high sensitivity and specificity. Zhao, C.; Liu, X. those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). ; Li, W.L. ; Whitesides, G.M. ; George, J.K.; Velasco, M.; Bonaparte, M.I. ; Duffy, M.A. permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. Therefore, the three indicators of glucose, triglycerides, and total cholesterol must be measured simultaneously to monitor diabetes and hyperlipidemia in real-time. ; Beebe, D.J. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Feature Papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. Paper-based microfluidic device using colorimetry. ; Mullins, J.I. ; Zhang, L.; Dunker, A.K. Xu, D.; Huang, X.; Guo, J.; Ma, X. Bonanni, P.; Cantn, R.; Gill, D.; Halfon, P.; Liebert, U.G. To, K.K.W. The paper-based microfluidic device may not be able to detect complex samples accurately, but because paper-based microfluidic devices often use a colorimetric method as the basis for detection, it is convenient to be integrated with smartphones as the detection result can be obtained by analyzing the color of the picture. ; Teo, K.B.K. ; Dextre, A.; Pascual-Garrigos, A.; Mohan, S.; Putikam, S.V.S. This type of ; Verma, H.K. ; Fournier, D.R. Label-free biodetection using a smartphone. several techniques or approaches, or a comprehensive review paper with concise and precise updates on the latest Medical detection in areas that lack resources is a cause for concern. COVID-19 has dominated the recent discussion on infectious diseases [, Many infectious diseases have affected humans, including the bubonic plague in the middle ages [, Virological and serological diagnostic techniques are the primary methods for early COVID-19 screening [. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. The system could have a substantial influence on the epidemiology of the disease. These emerging detection systems can be tested during the current pandemic to determine whether they are effective detection solutions. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. ; Martn, J.J.P. ; Paull, B.; Breadmore, M.C. Rezqalla, J.; Alshatti, M.; Ibraheem, A.; Omar, D.; Al-Failakawi, H.; Alhaqqan, S.; Alghurair, S.; Akhtar, S. Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Unawareness of causal role HPV infection in cervical cancer, HPV vaccine availability and HPV vaccine uptake among female schoolteachers in a Middle Eastern country. The system effectively integrates the paperfuge and an immunoassay unit that can analyze biomarkers in blood while centrifuging. Firstly, the accurate measurement of the dielectric performance of the battery is an important problem in the design of microfluidic POC equipment based on DEP. Therefore, the microfluidic industry must formulate measures, and drawing on the successful experience in other fields is helpful toward this end. Becker, H.; Locascio, L.E. Microfluidic point-of-care testing: Commercial landscape and future directions. Yang, W.; Yang, D.; Gong, S.; Dong, X.; Liu, L.; Yu, S.; Zhang, X.; Ge, S.; Wang, D.; Xia, N.; et al. ; Howes, S.C.; Fournier, D.R. The force leading to this motion is called a dielectrophoretic force [, Blood is mainly composed of plasma and cells, and there are a variety of cell types in blood. ; Mun, B.; Huh, Y.M. ANTS, Help us to further improve by taking part in this short 5 minute survey, A Dynamic Imaging Simulation Method of Infrared Aero-Optical Effect Based on Continuously Varying Gaussian Superposition Model, Vegetable Size Measurement Based on Stereo Camera and Keypoints Detection, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. After standardization, the industries can become more efficient, and the time and cost of the development process can be reduced. Park, S.; Yossifon, G. Combining dielectrophoresis and concentration polarization-based preconcentration to enhance bead-based immunoassay sensitivity. ; Rad, M.B. Symp. Peiris, J.S.M. ; Lin, W.-H.; Lin, Y.-C.; Lee, A.Y.-L. Unlocking the mystery of the therapeutic effects of chinese medicine on cancer. Microfluidic system that uses optical methods. ; Blumenthal, R.S. Lv, J.; Yang, J.; Xue, J.; Zhu, P.; Liu, L.; Li, S. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA residue on object surfaces in nucleic acid testing laboratory using droplet digital PCR. Review: Carbon nanotube for microfluidic lab-on-a-chip application. ; Medina-Pando, S.; Gupta, A.; Wolffsohn, J.S. A microfluidic system has a high sensitivity in detection and can quickly obtain detection results, therefore, the combination of a microfluidic system and POCT could be used to design more portable and low-cost devices for rapid detection. Readers of this review will obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the current state of microfluidic technologies for early disease detection. Chen et al., designed an integrated microfluidic platform that uses optically induced dielectrophoresis to separate and recover extracellular vesicles, which has high potential in cancer-related exosomal protein and miRNA analysis applications [. Mass spectrometry in high-throughput proteomics: Ready for the big time.